From rxpgnews.com
Myosin II involved in guidance of the nerve branches
By Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Sep 16, 2005 - 9:24:00 PM
A protein that helps the ends of growing nerve cells push forward is also involved in guidance of the nerve branches, according to a study by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
"We really thought that myosin II was just a motor, but it seems to help steer as well, " says senior investigator Paul C. Bridgman, Ph.D., associate professor of neurobiology. "Better understanding of these guidance systems is essential to efforts to regenerate injured nerves. It's one thing to get nerve cells to grow again, but it's another to actually direct the regenerating nerve to its appropriate target."
Bridgman's lab has been studying cell growth in the peripheral nervous system for more than a decade. Growing branches from peripheral nerves form an enlargement at their tips known as a growth cone.
Bridgman's group was among the first to show that myosin II, which is similar to the myosin proteins found in muscle tissue, contracts to help give the growth cone the traction it needs to crawl forward.
They've also proved that stimulation from the environment affects the direction of a growing axon. Growth cones have a clear preference for laminin type 1, a polypeptide found throughout the body during development but much less common in adults. Mouse nerve cells growing across laminin in the lab will turn away when they encounter other substances and grow along the border of the area containing laminin. In addition, the mouse nerve cells avoid transitions to areas with much lower concentrations of laminin and instead grow along the boundaries of high-concentration regions.
In their newest study, inhibiting myosin II caused growth cones to lose their selectiveness and cross the border between a region containing laminin and a region that had no laminin.
"This proves that myosin II contributes in some way to the growth cone's ability to preferentially select laminin-rich surfaces to grow on," Bridgman says. Scientists know that the nerve growth cone's surface includes receptors that activate kinases.
"There are many different kinases that interact with the type of receptor found on the nerve growth cone, so it's not going to be trivial to figure out which one is important for this function," Bridgman notes.
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