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Research Highlights Risk Factors For Age-Related Vision Loss
Jul 12, 2006, 05:50, Reviewed by: Dr. Priya Saxena
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"About a third of the risk of AMD in this twin study cohort could be attributable to cigarette smoking, and about a fifth of the cases were estimated as preventable with higher fish and omega-3 fatty acid dietary intake"
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By Archives of Ophthalmology,
Eating fish frequently may be associated with decreased chances of developing age-related macular degeneration, while smoking nearly doubles the risk for this common cause of vision loss and hormone therapy appears to have no effect, according to three articles in the July issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) occurs when the macula, the area at the back of the retina that produces the sharpest vision, begins to deteriorate. The condition affects approximately 30 percent of Americans age 75 years and older, with 6 to 8 percent developing advanced cases, according to background information in one of the articles. It is the most prevalent cause of vision loss and blindness in the elderly population. Researchers have hypothesized that many of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis or blocked arteries, may also contribute to the development of AMD, possibly by affecting blood flow to the eye.
In the first study, Johanna M. Seddon, M.D., Sc.M., of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, and colleagues studied genetic and environmental risk factors for AMD in 681 elderly male twins. The men underwent an examination by an ophthalmologist, filled out a food questionnaire and participated in a telephone interview to assess other risk factors, including demographics, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity habits. AMD was diagnosed using photographs of the inner eye.
Of the 681 men, 222 (average age 75.9 years) had intermediate or late-stage AMD and 459 (average age 74.5 years) had no AMD or were in the very early stages. Those who currently smoked had a 1.9-fold increased risk of AMD and those who had smoked in the past had a 1.7-fold increased risk. Those who ate more fish and more omega-3 fatty acids (found in salmon and other fish), were less likely to have AMD. The greatest reduction in risk was seen among individuals who ate two or more servings of fish per week. The benefits of eating more omega-3 fatty acids were most apparent among those who consumed less linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, suggesting that the proper balance of fats is key, the authors write.
"About a third of the risk of AMD in this twin study cohort could be attributable to cigarette smoking, and about a fifth of the cases were estimated as preventable with higher fish and omega-3 fatty acid dietary intake," they conclude. "Age-related macular degeneration is a common eye disease in older persons, smoking is a common avoidable behavior and dietary habits are modifiable; therefore, a proportion of visual impairment and blindness due to AMD could be prevented with attention to healthy lifestyles." 
- July issue of the Archives of Ophthalmology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals
Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:995-1001
This study was funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.; the Foundation Fighting Blindness Inc., Owings Mills, Md.; DSM Inc., Parsippany, N.J.; the Retirement Research Foundation, Chicago; the Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Fund Inc., Northboro; and the Epidemiology Unit Research Fund, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston.
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